Regulatory Framework for Aerial Application of Pesticides

Overview

The FAO and WHO International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management provides a global framework guiding safe, efficient, and responsible pesticide use; including aerial applications such as those using drones (Uncrewed Aerial Spray Systems – UASS).
These guidelines are designed to support governments, regulators, applicators, & manufacturers in ensuring aerial spraying practices protect human health, biodiversity, and the environment.

Core Principles

1. Risk Reduction:
   Only pesticides specifically approved for aerial application should be used. Every decision must follow a full risk–benefit assessment, ensuring minimal exposure to people, livestock, and ecosystems.
2. Regulatory Oversight:
   National authorities must:
   • License aerial applicators and pilots (including drone operators).
   • Approve pesticide formulations for aerial use.
   • Monitor environmental impact and operator health.
   • Enforce compliance through inspection and record-keeping.
3. Safety and Training:
   • All personnel—pilots, operators, and ground staff—must undergo certified training in pesticide handling, calibration, and emergency procedures.
   • Operators must use personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow safety data sheets for each product.
4. Mitigation of Spray Drift and Exposure:
   • Apply pesticides using low-drift nozzles and the largest droplet sizes that still ensure efficacy.
   • Avoid spraying during temperature inversions or high winds.
   • Maintain buffer zones near residential areas, water bodies, and sensitive habitats.
5. Technology Integration:
   Use GPS, GIS, and real-time meteorological sensors to enhance precision and minimize off-target exposure.
   Drone (UASS) technology enables small-scale, targeted applications that are cost-effective and safer for operators.
6. Legal and Ethical Considerations:
   The guidelines stress respect for indigenous communities’ rights, informed consent, and protection of non-target species.
   They complement existing national pesticide laws, aviation regulations, and international conventions.

Key Areas of Compliance

• Product Registration: Only products labeled for aerial use are permitted.
• Operational Procedures: Maintain logs of every spray operation, including weather, flight data, and products used.
• Health and Environmental Monitoring: Implement continuous surveillance for operator exposure and ecological impact.
• Emergency Preparedness: Establish protocols for spills, accidents, and equipment malfunctions.

Benefits of Compliance

Adhering to FAO’s guidance ensures:

• Safer and more sustainable pesticide use.
• Improved efficiency and crop yield.
• Greater public and environmental safety.
• International recognition and compliance with global standards.